The KEKB project, which requires an energy upgrade
of the KEK linac from 2.5 GeV to 8.0 GeV, started in 1994, and
has been progressing. About fifty 50-MW high-power klystrons (including
equivalent 40-MW tubes) have been produced and tested. Twenty-eight
of them have already been installed in the klystron gallery. We
also obtained more than 60-MW rf peak power with a reasonable
efficiency from this 50-MW tube. The klystron assemblies, including
the magnets and pulse transformers, have been operated with no
problems. In order to operate the SLEDs, we have also developed
a sub-booster klystron, a driver klystron which produces more
than 60-kW peak power for 8 high-power klystrons. Two of them
have been successfully operated in the klystron gallery. We have
started SLED operation at 2 sectors (sectors #4 and #5) and are
accumulating data concerning the SLED and accelerated beams. We
now describe this performance of the rf-source for the KEKB linac.
An upgrade of the PF linac in order to increase the
acceleration energy from 2.5 to 8 GeV, by using a combination
of 59 klystrons having an average output power of 41 MW (max.
46 MW) and SLAC-type rf compressors (SLED) is now in progress[1].
We have achieved progress concerning the sub-booster klystron,
the driver klystron, and feeding to 8 high-power klystrons, since
it is necessary to change the driving scheme (shown in Fig. 1)
in order to use the SLED operation with proper timing. In this
modification, more than 40 kW of output power is required from
the sub-booster klystron by taking account of the transmission
losses. We had manufactured 5 tubes, including a prototype; 2
tubes have already been set in the gallery in order to test the
SLED operation. Installation of the high-power tubes is proceeding
on schedule. Twenty-eight tubes have already installed to the
gallery, and 12 tubes are being operated under the SLED mode.
Those tubes are operated during an injection to the PF ring and
AR (Accumulating ring) for the SOR experiment users. Some of the
high-power tubes are being operated at 335 kV to 350 kV, and have
succeeded in outputting more than 60 MW. They are expected to
be used at the unit just after the positron target position, where
high-gradient acceleration is desirable.
For the KEKB energy upgrade project, new 50-MW klystrons
have been developed. In order to feed a drive power to these 8
high-power tubes, which are operated with SLED cavities, a 60-kW
sub-booster klystron (SBK) is required. Since there are no commercial
tubes which satisfy our specifications, this tube has been designed
at KEK, and manufactured under the collaboration of KEK and MHI
(Mitsubishi Heavy Industry Co.)[2]. The specifications for the
sub-booster klystron are
the collaboration of KEK and MHI (Mitsubishi Heavy Industry Co.)[2]. The specifications for the sub-booster klystron are given in the table 1.
We have been using two 10-kW tubes of Thomson CSF (TH2436) in parallel in each sector, as shown in Fig. 1a[3]. The different points between the old TH2436 tube and the new SBK-tube are as follows: (1) Electromagnet focusing has been adopted instead of permanent magnet focusing. (2) The tuning frequencies for the each klystron cavity are fixed, since our purpose of this tube is limited. The new tube has 6 cavities, while the old tube has 4. These modifications enable us to obtain a high gain. (3) The new tube has an integrated ion pump. (4) Water cooling is adopted in order to stabilize the operation performance. (5) The input power feeder is set vertically to make the inside bore diameter of the magnet small. (7) The output waveguide is a coaxial 39D-type waveguide and the output waveguide flange type is BFX-39D, which is popular in Japan (Old type is EIA-39D standard.) (8) An Ir-coated dispenser cathode of 1 inch diameter is adopted instead of the oxide cathode based on a life consideration. (6) Our tube configuration is partly based on the design of the SLAC sub-booster klystron, especially concerning item (5). [4]
The basic design of the tube is fulfilled in KEK
and some manufacturing processes: for instance, as the cathode
processing, baking-and-evacuation of the tube and pinching off
Table 1. Specification of SBK
item unit specification
Peak pulse voltage kV 25.0
Peak pulse current A 7.91
Microperv mA/V3/2 2.0
Pulse width(rf) msec 4.0
Pulse width(beam) msec >6.0
Repetition pps 50
Peak RF power kW >60
Average RF power W 12
Efficiency % >30
Gain dB 57
Input power mW 120
Total length mm about 690
Electric gun BI Cathode
Focusing magnet Electromagnet
Cooling Water cooling
Ion Pump 1 l /sec integrated ion pump
Cavity number 6
Output Waveguide 39D Coaxial Waveguide
Output Flange BFX-39D standard
were first demonstrated at KEK. A proto-type tube
was manufactured in FY94. In FY95 it was tested and a 60-kW output
power was obtained at a beam voltage of 25 kV, which was supplied
by the newly developed SBK-modulator using a semiconductor switching
device. In FY95 three tubes were ordered and two were tested.
These tubes were installed at the klystron gallery in order to
evaluate the SLED operations, and have operated satisfactorily.
We need 8 sub-booster klystrons for KEKB-project. Up to now, we
could achieve an output power of around 60 kW, while the efficiency
is about 30%.
Test and Installation in the Gallery
As previously reported[5, 6], we have been developing 2 types of high-power klystrons for this project: one is an improved type of an old 30-MW tube by enlarging the high-voltage ceramic-seal; the other is an improved one by using a larger cathode and larger high-voltage seal. PV3030A3 (MELCO; Mitsubishi Electric Company) and E3728 (Toshiba) are the former types of tubes and PV3050 (MELCO) and E3730 (Toshiba) are the latter types. Both types have abilities to produce more than 50 MW of output power at 310-kV applied voltage. The focusing electromagnet has compatibility between these two types with only a slight change at the gun region of the tube.
An output power of 50 MW and an efficiency of 45-46% were achieved on the average in the 50-MW tubes. The saturation point is located at 250-300 W at the input power on an average ( a gain of around 53 dB is achieved). The typical performances of the 50-MW tubes are shown in Figs. 2 and 3. Our tubes have a single window and cooling structures are set on the upper and lower waveguides of the windows. The window material of our tube is high-density pure alumina of 99.7% (HA997: NGK) and has a very low tand value[7]. The evaluation after running in the gallery is satisfactory.
We have already purchased 50 tubes, including both
types. Performance tests of 27 tubes have been finished and the
tubes have been installed in the klystron gallery. During the
first stage of tube development, some instabilities and arcing
problems were observed in the Toshiba 50-MW tubes, which were
completely solved by changing the cathode processing of the manufacturing
process. Another type of instability and poor gain problems were
observed in the MELCO tubes. These were solved by changing the
structures inside the tube so as to prevent any distortion of
the cavity during the manufacturing process.
60-MW test using the 50-MW klystron
Performances at an applied voltage higher than 310 kV have been of interest since the FCI[8] calculation predicted an output power of 70 MW at the 350-kV beam voltage. This test has been attempted using a prototype tube ( PV3050#2 ) as a tentative low-duty test; a 64-MW output power was observed with an efficiency of about 42%; the performance has strongly depended on the magnetic-field distribution near to the output-cavity region, as predicted by FCI. Furthermore, the E3730 tube produced a 60-MW output power at 331 kV beam voltage and rf pulse width of 2 ms with an efficiency of 47% at a factory test. These output power level are highest when using single output windows. We have been planning that this tube operation mode will be used at the #2-1 unit, which is located just after the positron-conversion target, since high-gradient acceleration is required.
The final design of the pulse transformer is such that the step-up ratio has been changed to be 1 : 13.56; there are 7 primary turns and 95 secondary turns. This is an bifiller auto-winding type; a core reset bias is applied. More detail descriptions are given in reference [6]. We have newly developed corrugated high-voltage insulators made from epoxy material to support the klystron heater transformer, which is at a high-voltage potential. The heater transformer has been redesigned, and the final thickness is half that of the old one. Owing to these design changes, we can continue using the same oil tanks and same configurations, including the waveguide ports. A feeder section inside of the tank comprises a knife-switch-type connector made by Multi-contact Co., which enables it to be easily disconnected. The capacitive divider, used as a voltage monitor, has been replaced from the Pearson-Inc. type to the Stangenes-Inc. type for higher voltage applications of up to 350 kV. Two small-size current transformers are set in a tank circuit instead of the old home-made one; one is used for the current monitor and the other for a dedicated application of an interlock signal. So far, we have experienced no troubles up to around 320 kV in full duty and 350 kV under in lower duty. For the 350-kV application it is necessary to use a pulse-transformer with a step-up ratio of 1:15; this approach is being prepared
Forty-nine electromagnets have been manufactured
up to FY95, including 2 types of magnets. Both types can be easily
changed from one type to another by replacing the iron skirts
and coil part. Thirty-two pulse-transformer assemblies have been
modified from the old type to a new type by rewinding the pulse-transformer
windings and adding pulse-circuits components. Since machine operation
has been continued during the construction periods, the reformation
schedule for the pulse transformer is the most tightest part.
Up to the FY95, 12 SLEDs have been installed in the gallery, and more 13 SLEDs are being installed during the summer shut-down period of 1996. Two sub-booster klystrons were installed in sectors #4 and #5; complete mode operation of the SLED has been carried out. In these sectors, conditioning of the upgraded high-power units is proceeding, and such processing data as discharging and the time dependence of the processing etc. have been analyzed. The averaged energy gain and energy-multiplication factor of the developed units in operation is 163 MeV/unit and 1.93, respectively[9].
The performances of the two sub-booster klystrons have so far been satisfactory. However, the tube efficiency is around the 30%, and the optimum focusing-magnetic field is quite different from the design field. It was found that a weak parasite oscillation exists under some conditions. It might be necessary to check the magnetic field, especially near to the cathode region. So far an output power of about 60 kW is sufficient for each high-power klystron to work at the saturation point, while 10 kW from the previous TH2436 tube was short for saturation-point operation for some poor-gain tubes. It is not clear that the some unstable operation of the SBK affects the SLED's operation or not.
A long processing time was necessary for some special
unit up to the specified value. The main task for us will be to
investigate what kind of the causes prevent full processing. This
summer we will install another 2 sub-booster klystrons in the
sectors #2 and #3, and we will also start operating in the SLED's
mode there.
We are progressing satisfactorily regarding high-power
klystron testing and installation in the klystron gallery. Purchasing
the tubes and focusing electromagnets is on schedule. The final
design of the pulse-transformer assembly has been fixed, and also
continuously modified. The sub-booster klystrons, which are inevitable
for our SLED's operation, are being developed and evaluated in
the klystron gallery. Since FY95, the useful processing data have
been accumulated by the SLED's operation of the sectors #5 and
#4. These kinds of studies will be continued after this summer
shut-down; roughly half of the construction will be completed.
[1] A. Enomoto et. al., "Upgrade of the 8 GeV Electron Linac for KEKB", 18th International Linac Conference, Geneva, Switzerland 26-30, August (1996)
[2] "Design Report on PF Injector Linac Upgrade for KEKB" (in Japanese) ed. by I. Sato et. al,. KEK Report 95-18, (1996)
[3] S. Anami et. al., "The RF Systems of the Photon Factory Injector Linac" Proc. of the 1981 Int. Linac Conference, Santa Fe, NM, USA, pp. 177-179 (1981)
[4] Private communication
[5] S. Fukuda et. al., "Development of the B-Factory Linac 50-MW Pulse Klystron", 17th International Linac Conference, Tsukuba, , Japan, pp.427-429 (1994) .
[6] S. Fukuda et al., "Design and evaluation of a compact 50 MW rf source of the PF linac for the KEKB project", Nucl. Instrum. and Method A368, pp.561-571 (1996)
[7] S. Michizono, Ph. D. Thesis, Tokyo University (1994).
[8] T. Shintake, "Klystron simulation and design using the Field Charge Interaction (FCI) code", Nucl. Instrum. and Method A363, pp. 83-89 (1995)
[9] H. Hanaki et al., " Test operation of the
PF linac RF system upgrade for the KEKB injector", KEK Preprint
96-62, 5th European Particle Acc. Conf. (EPAC 96), Barcelona,
Spain, June 10-14 (1996)